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An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on or within an ovary. Common in OBGYN, most ovarian cysts are benign and resolve spontaneously, but some may cause symptoms like pelvic pain or pressure, or indicate underlying conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Ultrasound is the primary imaging modality for detecting and characterizing these…

Ovarian torsion is a gynecological emergency where the ovary, and sometimes the fallopian tube, twists around its vascular pedicle, compromising blood flow. This acute rotation can lead to ischemia, necrosis, and severe pelvic pain, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Prompt diagnosis is crucial to preserve ovarian viability and prevent irreversible damage. Ultrasound plays a…

Polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) in OBGYN ultrasound describes ovaries with 12 or more follicles measuring 2-9mm in diameter, or an ovarian volume greater than 10ml, without a dominant follicle. This finding is a common component of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), a hormonal disorder impacting women of reproductive age. While PCOM is a key diagnostic criterion,…

Endometrial thickness is a crucial measurement in OBGYN ultrasound, referring to the innermost lining of the uterus, the endometrium. Its appearance and thickness vary significantly throughout the menstrual cycle, reflecting hormonal changes and preparing for potential pregnancy. Accurate assessment is vital for diagnosing various gynecological conditions, including abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, and postmenopausal concerns. In…

Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas or myomas, are common benign (non-cancerous) growths of the uterus. They originate from the smooth muscle cells of the uterine wall and can vary widely in size, number, and location. In OBGYN, fibroids are a frequent finding during gynecological exams and can cause a range of symptoms, including heavy…

Adenomyosis, an OBGYN condition, involves endometrial tissue growing into the uterine muscular wall (myometrium), leading to uterine enlargement, heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), and severe cramping (dysmenorrhea). This benign uterine disorder is often diagnosed through medical ultrasound, which can reveal characteristic diffuse or focal thickening of the myometrium with heterogeneous echotexture. Early and accurate ultrasound diagnosis…

Intrauterine device (IUD) localization is a critical OBGYN ultrasound procedure to confirm the correct placement of an IUD within the uterine cavity. This ensures effective contraception and helps identify complications like displacement or perforation. Ultrasound provides real-time visualization, allowing clinicians to accurately assess the IUD's position relative to the endometrium and uterine walls. Accurate IUD…

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) evaluation in OBGYN ultrasound is crucial for rapidly identifying and managing excessive bleeding after childbirth. This assessment utilizes ultrasound to pinpoint the source of hemorrhage, whether it's uterine atony, retained placental fragments, or other causes. Early and accurate sonographic evaluation is vital for improving maternal outcomes and reducing complications. Ultrasound plays a…

In OBGYN ultrasound, the Crown-Rump Length (CRL) is a crucial measurement used to estimate gestational age in the first trimester of pregnancy. It measures the longest dimension of the embryo or fetus from the top of the head (crown) to the bottom of the buttocks (rump), excluding the yolk sac and limbs. This highly accurate…