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Cervical length, a crucial measurement in OBGYN ultrasound, refers to the distance from the internal to the external cervical os. This assessment is vital for evaluating the risk of preterm birth, particularly in pregnancies with risk factors like a history of previous preterm delivery or certain uterine anomalies. Shorter cervical lengths can indicate an increased…

Cervical funneling, a critical finding in OBGYN ultrasound, refers to the premature widening of the internal cervical os, creating a "funnel" shape. This indicates cervical incompetence, a significant risk factor for preterm birth. Sonographic assessment includes measuring cervical length and the extent of funneling, guiding interventions to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. Early detection of cervical…

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube. This obstetric and gynecology (OBGYN) emergency cannot proceed to term and can lead to life-threatening internal bleeding if left untreated. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical for patient safety. Ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool for ectopic…

A molar pregnancy, or hydatidiform mole, is an abnormal form of pregnancy resulting from a non-viable fertilization. Instead of a normal embryo, abnormal placental tissue grows, often presenting as grape-like clusters. In obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN), accurate diagnosis is crucial to prevent complications. Ultrasound is key for identifying molar pregnancies, showing characteristic snowstorm appearance or…

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on or within an ovary. Common in OBGYN, most ovarian cysts are benign and resolve spontaneously, but some may cause symptoms like pelvic pain or pressure, or indicate underlying conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Ultrasound is the primary imaging modality for detecting and characterizing these…

Ovarian torsion is a gynecological emergency where the ovary, and sometimes the fallopian tube, twists around its vascular pedicle, compromising blood flow. This acute rotation can lead to ischemia, necrosis, and severe pelvic pain, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Prompt diagnosis is crucial to preserve ovarian viability and prevent irreversible damage. Ultrasound plays a…

Polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) in OBGYN ultrasound describes ovaries with 12 or more follicles measuring 2-9mm in diameter, or an ovarian volume greater than 10ml, without a dominant follicle. This finding is a common component of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), a hormonal disorder impacting women of reproductive age. While PCOM is a key diagnostic criterion,…

Endometrial thickness is a crucial measurement in OBGYN ultrasound, referring to the innermost lining of the uterus, the endometrium. Its appearance and thickness vary significantly throughout the menstrual cycle, reflecting hormonal changes and preparing for potential pregnancy. Accurate assessment is vital for diagnosing various gynecological conditions, including abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility, and postmenopausal concerns. In…

Fetal breathing movements (FBMs) are crucial indicators of fetal well-being, commonly assessed during obstetrical ultrasound examinations. These rhythmic diaphragmatic contractions, while not true respiration as they occur in a fluid-filled environment, signify central nervous system maturity and adequate oxygenation. OBGYN specialists utilize ultrasound to observe FBMs as part of a biophysical profile, providing valuable insights…