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Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in pediatrics refers to the persistence of a fetal blood vessel, the ductus arteriosus, beyond the neonatal period. This vessel normally shunts blood away from the lungs during gestation. When it remains open, it allows abnormal blood flow from the aorta to the pulmonary artery, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow…

A diaphragmatic hernia in pediatrics is a congenital condition where abdominal organs protrude into the chest cavity through an opening in the diaphragm. This malformation can severely compromise lung development, leading to respiratory distress in newborns. Early diagnosis via prenatal ultrasound is crucial, revealing abnormalities like bowel loops in the chest or a mediastinal shift.…

Congenital heart defect (CHD) screening in pediatrics utilizes advanced ultrasound techniques to identify structural heart abnormalities in newborns and infants. This vital early detection process often involves pulse oximetry and targeted echocardiography, crucial for assessing cardiac function and anatomy. Pediatric cardiologists rely on precise ultrasound imaging to visualize blood flow, valve integrity, and chamber dimensions,…

Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital heart defect in pediatric patients, characterized by a narrowing of the aorta, typically near the ductus arteriosus. This constriction obstructs blood flow from the heart to the body, leading to increased pressure in the upper body and decreased pressure in the lower body. Early diagnosis via medical ultrasound…

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a complex congenital heart defect commonly diagnosed in pediatric patients via ultrasound. This condition comprises four key abnormalities: a large ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary stenosis, an overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Early detection through pediatric cardiac ultrasound is crucial for treatment planning and improving patient outcomes, as the…

CDH (Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia) evaluation in pediatrics involves comprehensive ultrasound assessment to diagnose and monitor this birth defect, where abdominal organs protrude into the chest. Early prenatal ultrasound can detect key signs like mediastinal shift and stomach in the chest, crucial for planning specialized medical and surgical care. Postnatal ultrasound further assesses the severity and…

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease primarily affecting premature infants, especially those who required prolonged mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy after birth. In pediatric medical and ultrasound contexts, BPD is characterized by abnormal lung development, inflammation, and scarring, leading to persistent respiratory symptoms and oxygen dependence. Ultrasound can indirectly assess the impact of…

Volvulus in pediatric ultrasound refers to the twisting of a segment of bowel, most commonly the small intestine, around its mesentery. This severe condition can obstruct blood flow, leading to bowel ischemia and necrosis, and is a medical emergency requiring urgent diagnosis. In infants and children, symptoms like bilious vomiting, abdominal pain, and distension are…

RSV bronchiolitis is a common pediatric respiratory infection, primarily affecting infants and young children. Caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus, it leads to inflammation and narrowing of the small airways (bronchioles) in the lungs, resulting in symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing. Ultrasound can aid in diagnosis by revealing characteristic findings such as B-lines…