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In physics, attenuation signifies the gradual loss of intensity as energy, such as sound waves or light, travels through a medium due to absorption or scattering. This fundamental concept is crucial in various scientific fields, including medical imaging and ultrasound, where understanding how sound waves lose energy in tissues directly impacts image quality and diagnostic…

In physics, reflection is the phenomenon where a wave, such as an ultrasound wave, bounces off a boundary between two different media, redirecting its path. This fundamental principle is crucial in medical ultrasound, as the echoes received by the transducer are reflections of sound waves from internal body structures. The degree of reflection depends on…

In physics, refraction is the bending of a wave as it passes from one medium to another, caused by a change in its speed. In medical ultrasound, this phenomenon occurs when sound waves encounter an interface between tissues with different propagation speeds, leading to a change in direction. This bending can distort the ultrasound image,…